Three women honored with the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize

by Waldirene Biernath

Source photos: Google image

This year's Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded jointly to three women - Mrs Sirleaf is Africa's first female elected head of state, Ms Gbowee is a Liberian peace activist and Ms Karman is a leading figure in Yemen's pro-democracy movement. They were recognized for their "non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work".

Ms Sirleaf, who had been widely tipped as a winner, said the award was "for all Liberian people" and a recognition of "many years of struggle for justice". She was elected in 2005, following the end of Liberia's 14-year civil war which left 250,000 people dead, caused thousands to flee abroad and financially ruined the country. Upon coming to office, the US-educated economist and former finance minister - known as Liberia's "Iron Lady" - pledged to fight corruption and bring "motherly sensitivity and emotion to the presidency" as a way of healing the wounds of war. She is popular among women and the country's small elite, but disliked by more traditional male-dominated sections of society.

Ms Gbowee was a leading critic of the violence during the Liberian civil war, mobilizing women across ethnic and religious lines in peace activism and encouraging them to participate in elections. In 2003 she led a march through the capital, Monrovia, demanding an end to the rape of women by soldiers, which had continued despite a peace deal being signed three months earlier.

Mrs Karman heard of her win from Change Square in the capital Sanaa, where she has been living for several months in a protest camp calling for President Ali Abdullah Saleh to stand down. She was recognized for playing a leading part in the struggle for women's rights in Yemen's pro-democracy protests "in the most trying circumstances" and is the first Arab women to win the prize.

The women will share the $1.5m (£1m) prize money.

Source:

http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/nobel-peace-prize-goes-to-three-women/2011/10/07/gIQAJdwBSL_story.html?hpid=z1;

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15211861

Scientists have found a way to prevent HIV

by Waldirene Biernath

Source photos: Google image

Researchers from the United States and Europe have found the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is unable to damage the immune system if cholesterol is removed from the virus's membrane. The study was published last month in the journal Blood.

The team plans to investigate how to use this way of inactivating the virus and possibly develop it into a vaccine.

Cell model for

  human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Usually when a person becomes infected with HIV, the body's innate immune response puts up an immediate defense. But some researchers believe HIV causes the innate immune system to overreact. This weakens the immune system's next line of defense, known as the adaptive immune response. The team removed cholesterol from the membrane around the virus and found that this stopped HIV from triggering the innate immune response. This in turn led to a stronger adaptive response, orchestrated by a type of immune cells called T cells.

HIV takes its membrane from the cell that it infects, the researchers explained in their study. This membrane contains cholesterol, which helps keep it fluid and enables it to interact with particular types of cell.

Adriano Boasso, from Imperial College London, who led the study, said the virus could not activate pDC cells when cholesterol was removed.

Normally, a subset of immune cells called plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) recognize HIV quickly and react by producing signaling molecules called interferons. These signals activate various processes which are initially helpful, but which damage the immune system if switched on for too long. 

Researchers believe the discovery could lead to the development of a vaccine against the disease, which kills 1.8 million people worldwide each year. An estimated 33.3 million people are living with the virus.

Vocabulary:

(to) damage (verb): to harm something physically so that it is broken, spoiled, or injured;

(to) put up (verb): to provide;

(to) overreact (verb): show an exaggerated response to something;

triggering (noun):  an act that sets in motion some course of events or causes something to happen;

subset (noun): a small group of people or things that is a part of a larger group;

(to) switched on (verb): if you switch on something such as a light or a machine, or if it switches on, you make it start working.

Source:

http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/equilibrioesaude/978262-cientistas-descobrem-forma-de-desarmar-virus-da-aids.shtml;

http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/19/us-aids-hiv-disarm-idUSTRE78I5O820110919